Question 1

What is insulin? Write down the Properties of insulin. Adverse effect of insulin. Indications of insulin.

Accepted Answer

Insulin: A peptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that regulates carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism by promoting cellular glucose uptake. Properties of Insulin: Lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating entry into skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Anabolic hormone that promotes glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis while inhibiting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis. Consists of two amino acid chains connected by disulfide bonds. Adverse Effects of Insulin: Hypoglycemia: The most common and dangerous side effect,…

Question 2

Define duretics. Name of some commonly used dureatics. Classifications of dureatics. Advertise of duretics.

Accepted Answer

Diuretics: Medications that increase the rate of urine flow by the kidneys, promoting the excretion of sodium and water to reduce extracellular fluid volume. Commonly Used Diuretics: Furosemide, Spironolactone, Hydrochlorothiazide, Mannitol. Classifications of Diuretics: Loop Diuretics: Furosemide, Bumetanide. Thiazide Diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Spironolactone, Amiloride. Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Acetazolamide. Adverse Effects of Diuretics: Electrolyte Imbalances: Hypokalemia (loop and thiazides), hyperkalemia…

Question 3

Define pharmacology. Discuss about the branches of pharmacology.

Accepted Answer

Definition of Pharmacology Pharmacology is broadly defined as the comprehensive scientific study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. It encompasses the physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and adverse reactions of medicinal agents. Major Branches of Pharmacology Pharmacology is a vast discipline divided into several core sub-specialties: Pharmacokinetics (PK):The study of what the body does to a drug. It involves four key processes: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME). Ph…

Question 4

Define drugs and medicine. Difference between drugs and medicine. Sources of drugs.

Accepted Answer

Drug: Any chemical substance that alters biological function when introduced into a living organism, used for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. Medicine: A chemical preparation containing one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients formulated alongside appropriate inactive excipients for safe clinical administration to patients. Differences: | Feature | Drug | Medicine | | --- | --- | --- | | Scope | Broader term encompassing any chemical compound affecting biological systems (beneficial or toxic). | A specific, formulated preparation designed and packaged…

Question 5

What is plasma half Life of drug? Clinical importance of plasma half Life.

Accepted Answer

Plasma Half-Life (): The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by exactly 50% from its initial peak value. Clinical Importance of Plasma Half-Life: Determining Dosing Frequency: Helps establish how often a drug must be administered to maintain steady therapeutic levels without toxicity. Time to Steady State: Determines that a drug reaches stable therapeutic plateau concentrations after approximately 4 to 5 half-lives of regular dosing. Elimination Timeline: Guides clinical estimation of how long a drug remains active in the body after discontinuation. Toxicity and Cl…

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Pharmacology (D-222) — exam question bank

Most repeated questions in Pharmacology